Metal buildings and building elements



March 2, 1965 P. HOWELL 3,171,517

METAL BUILDINGS AND BUILDING ELEMENTS Filed May 1. 1961 7 Sheets-Sheet l INVENTOR. PAT Hows/.1.

BY MORGAN, FINA/EGAN, DURHAM {Pm/e ATTORNE Y6.

March 2, 1965 P. HOWELL METAL BUILDINGS AND BUILDING ELEMENTS 7 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed May 1, 1961 INVENTOR. P47- HOWELL BY MORGAN, F/NNEGAN, DURHAM 'P/Ni ATTORNEYS.

March 2,. 1965 P. HOWELL 3, 7 ,5 7

METAL BUILDINGS AND BUILDING ELEMENTS Filed May 1, 1961 7 Sheets-Sheet 3 INVENTOR. P47- HOWELL g BY MORGAN, F/NNEGA N, DURHAM :fP/N:

A TTORNE Y5.

March 2, 1965 P. HOWELL METAL BUILDINGS AND BUILDING ELEMENTS 7 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed May 1, 1961 w E M 952 695% @q 059% @@@@@Q @@@@@n @@@@@n INVENTOR. 1 /17 HOWELL MORGAN, F/NNEGAN, DUKHAM fp/lvz A TTOANEVS March 2, 1965 P. HOWELL METAL surnames AND BUILDING ELEMENTS 7 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed May 1. 1961 KL OL T 5 MW mH MORGAN, F/NNEGAN, DURHAM (PINE March 2, 1965 P. HOWELL 3,171,517

METAL BUILDINGS AND BUILDING ELEMENTS Filed May 1, 1961 7 Sheets-Sheet 6 INVENTOR. PAT HOWELL l7 MORGAN, F/NNEGAN, DURHAM f PINE A TTORNEYS.

March 2, 1965 P. HOWELL 3,171,517

METAL BUILDINGS AND BUILDING ELEMENTS Filed May 1. 1961 7 Sheets-Sheet 7 INVENTOR. 95 P47 Hon 51.1.

BY MORGAN, F/NNEGAN, DURHAM #P/NE ATTORNEYS.

United States Fatent' O 3,171,517 METAL BUILDINGS AND BUILDING ELEMENTS Pat Howell, Dallas, Tex., assignor to Lifetime Metal Building (10., Dallas, Tex., a corporation of Texas Filed May 1, 1961, Ser. No. 107,620 15 Claims. (Cl. 1892) This application is a continuation-in-part of US. patent application, Serial No. 561,177, filed January 25, 1956, entitled, Method of Forming Metal Building Elements, which issued as U.S. Patent No. 2,986,193 on May 30, 1961.

The present invention relates to metal buildings, of relatively large size, such as may be used for farm buildings, stores, garages, storage houses, and the like.

Objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part hereinafter and in part will be obvious herefrom or may be learned by practice with the invention, the same being realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations pointed out in the appended claims.

The invention consists in the novel parts, constructions, arrangements, combinations and improvements herein shown and described.

The accompanying drawings, referred to herein and constituting a part hereof, illustrate an embodiment of the invention, and together with the description, serve to explain the principle of the invention.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic showing of a preferred and illustrative embodiment of the machinery of the present invention used for bending or corrugating a flat, rectangular strip of metal into the desired longitudinal and cross-sectional form in accordance with the method of the invention for use in the buildings of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a view partly in vertical cross-section and partly in elevation of the two main forming rollers and the shafts upon which they are mounted, which are shown in the mechanism of FIG. 1 of the drawings;

FIG. 3 is a detail side elevational view of one pair of side forming rollers shown in FIG. 1 of the drawings, with a piece of metal shown in the bite thereof in cross-section;

FIG. 4 is a detail side elevational view of a second pair of side forming rollers shown in FIG. 1 of the drawings, also showing in cross-section a piece of metal in the bite thereof, FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrating the progressive formation of the edge portions of the metallic strip as it passes through the mechanism of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a schematic view partly in top plan and partly in cross-section of the mechanism as shown in FIG. 1 but with another pair of main forming rollers in operative position, illustrating further aspects of the method of building fiormation of the invention;

FIG. 6 is a side elevation on an enlarged scale of the concave one of the pair of main forming rollers of the mechanism shown in FIG. 1 of the drawings;

FIG. 7 is a side elevation of a modified embodiment of a pair of main forming rollers for use in the mechanism as shown in FIG. 1 of the drawings;

FIG. 8 is a fragmentary perspective view of a corrugated sheet which is the product of the mechanism shown in FIG. 5 of the drawings;

FIG. 9 is a fragmentary perspective view of a corrugated sheet with longitudinal curvature which is the product of the mechanism shown in FIG. 1 of the drawings;

FIG. 9A is a top plan view of another structural element formed in accordance with the invention, wherein the embossments are equi-spaced but are of greater depth along the central portion of the element than along the edge portions;

FIG. 9B is a cross-sectional view of the element illustrated in FIG. 9A;

FIG. 9C is a top plan view of a further structural element formed in accordance with the invention, wherein the embossments are formed in the elements of varying depth and in a varying spaced relationship, the embossments being more numerous and of greater depth along the central portion of the element than along the edge portions;

FIG. 9D is a cross-sectional View of the element illustrated in FIG. 9C;

FIG. 10 shows four forms or patterns, each form being shown in top elevation and cross-section, which may be impressed into the corrugated building sheet of the invention, each of which may be an alternative to the dimpled design as shown in the sheet of FIG. 9 of the drawings;

FIG. 11 is a fragmentary diagrammatic side elevation of a building formed of the building elements produced in accordance with the invention, showing the means by which adjacent elements are secured together in the finished structure.

FIG. 12 is a view similar to that of FIG. 11, showing an alternative means for securing adjacent building elements together in the completed structure.

FIG. 13 is a view partly in cross-section and partly in side elevation of additional sheet forming or bending equipment used in making the metallic sheet elements of the invention for certain buildings;

FIG. 14 is a view taken along line 14-44 of FIG. 13;

FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 15-15 of FIG. 13;

FIG. 16 is a fragmentary elevational view of a metallic building element or sheet after bending in the mechanism as shown in FIGS. 13, 14 and 15.

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 17-17 of FIG. 16.

FIG. 18 is an end elevation of one of the buildings of the invention made of the elements and in accordance with the method of the invention.

FIG. 19 is a diagrammatic showing of the method of assembling the arcuate building elements or sheets of the invention into the building shown in FIG. 18.

FIGS. 20 and 21 each show other and different metallic buildings which may be made in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 22 shows a partially completed metallic, spiral type of building which may be made in accordance with the invention, together with a schematic showing of the mechanism in position for fabricating the building.

FIG. 23 shows the spiral type of building of FIG. 22 in completed form.

The present invention provides an improved metallic building structure which is adapted for use in a building of a relatively large size such as farm buildings for numerous uses, garages, stores, filling stations, stonage houses, and similar buildings for many related purposes. The invention provides such buildings of improved and simplified design which are very sturdy yet extremely economical to build from the point of view of both the materials and labor going into the fabrication. The buildings of the invention may be made of a plunality of side-by-side, preformed metallic elements, which are suitably secured together at their abutting edges to form the completed buildings. Each such metallic formed element, in certain embodiments of the invention, is a continuous, integral length of corrugated metal extending from one side support or foundation of the building to the other, with the elements so formed that, in cooperation with each other in the completed building, they are self-sustaining either as a complete structure or as a roof structure without the necessity for other bracing, reinforcing or covering materials. The improved building elements in accordance with the invention comprise strips of metal or similar material which are curved laterally to provide a concave cross-section, with identical formed and cut lengths assembled side by side on a foundation to form the building. The formation of the corrugated building elements may and preferably does take place at the site of the building to be erected, so that expensive tnansportation of large and awkward materials for the building is entirely avoided. While building elements in accordance with the invention may be made in any desired manner, one mechanism includes cooperating roller means for imparting a longitudinal concave or U-shape crosssection to a length of flat metallic stock moving therethrough, and a longitudinal curvature or are formation may also be given to the stock, with varying radii of curvature as desired, in the formation of integral building elements which are assembled side by side in the building. The mechanism may also include the making of sharp bends along the length of a corrugated building element which may be longitudinally straight or curved, when the same is desired in the shape of the completed building, and the advantages of integrated form and strong selfsustaining design is still maintained for each such element. The invention in one of its aspects comprises the formation of a round, silo-like, structure with a continuous spiral length of formed metal as the side wall of the building. Other objects and features of the present invention will be apparent from the detailed description which follows of the illustrative embodiments of the invention shown in the accompanying drawings.

Referring first to FIG. 1 of the drawings wherein apparatus is diagrammatically showing the transversely bending and longitudinal curving of a strip of metal to form the building elements in accordance with the invention, the numeral 20 denotes a cylindrical coil of fiat metal stock such as aluminum, steel and the like, which may conveniently serve as the source for the web 21 of metal upon which the transverse bending and arching operation takes place. As shown, the flat, metallic web 21 is drawn first between a pair of cooperating forms 22 and 23, the first with a concave edge 24 and the second with a convex edge 25, the operation of said forms being to give an initial, relatively shallow longitudinal corrugation or U crosssection to the web of metal 21.

The web 21 is drawn directly from between forms 22 and 23 to and between a second set of cooperating forms 26 and 27, which are similarly shaped at their adjacent edges to somewhat increase or deepen the longitudinal trough in the web of metal. One form each of the pairs of forms just discussed, illustratively shown as forms 23 and 27, is suitably mounted for movement away from its cooperating form, or movement toward and locked or held relationship adjacent thereto, so that the forms may be spaced apart when the web of metal 21 is being threaded through the mechanism preparatory to operation, and may be moved together and there held in order to transversely form the web as it is drawn between the forms during operation of the mechanism.

After passage between the second set of forms 26, 27, as described, the metallic web 21 is next curved or crimped in a relatively sharp bend to provide a plane or flat flange portion at each side of the web. The longitudinally and transversely curved web resulting from the operations of the mechanism shown in FIG. 1, is shown on an enlarged scale in FIG. 9, and the upstanding, plane flanged edges 28 of the formed web 21 may be clearly seen. The said formation is accomplished by two sets of cooperating rollers to operate upon each edge of the advancing web 21 in the mechanism of FIG. 1. The first set of such rollers comprise the cooperating crimping roller set 30, 31, shown in detail in FIG. 3 which gives an initial bend to the metal, and the second set comprises the similar crimping rollers 32, 33, shown in detail in FIG. 4, which complete the desired bend and formation of the flanged edges 28.

The web 21 is next directed through a pair of main forming rollers 35, 36, to complete the deep transverse formation of the web. Thereafter, the concave or troughshaped surface of the web 21 may be contacted by a further single roller 37 adapted to engage only the central portion of the web immediately after it emerges from the bite of rollers and 37. Alhough, as will hereinafter be explained, the dimpled formation of concave roller 35 of the main forming roller set 35, 36, will give more or less longitudinally curved or arcuate formation to the web 21, the roller 37 is also utilized as desired for the same purpose, since it forces a lengthwise curvature into the web as it emerges from the main forming rollers. As indicated by arrows in FIG. 1, the said roller 37 is mounted in any suitable way for movement into the path of the advancing web, so it may be utilized to put more or less longitudinal curvature into the completed formed Web. That is, the longitudinal curvature of the web 21 may be about a larger or smaller radius as desired, and the curvature may be changed when desired by adjustment of rollers 35, 36 and 37, or the roller 37 may be moved entirely out of contact with the corrugated web 21. The roller 37 is of course adapted to be secured in any adjusted position so as continuously and effectively to exert its curving elfect upon the web 21.

It will be recognized that the showing of the mechanism in FIG. 1 of the drawings is illustrative and diagrammatic only, and that any suitable and well-known means will easily be provided for such details as the free rotatable mounting of the roll 20 of metal, the sliding mounting of the sets of forms 22, 23, and 26, 27, as indicated, the free rotatable mounting of roller sets 30, 31, and 32, 33, upon suitably held shafts, the mounting of roller 36 for movement toward and away from roller 35 as indicated, and the movable mounting of roller 37 for the purpose described. The function of the cooperating forms 22-23 and 26-27 may be realized by the use of cooperating rollers, if desired. It willalso be appreciated that the compact and simple mechanism of FIG. 1 is adapted for mounting on a truck or wheeled trailer whichis taken to the site of the building to be erected, whereby forming of the web 21 as described and cutting into lengths for the elements of the building is done at the building site with transportation thereto of the compact spool 20 of material, rather than the awkward and expensive transportation of the building elements themselves.

Referring now specifically to the construction and operation of the main forming roller set 35, 36, the said rollers are shown in detail in FIG. 2, the roller 35 is further shown in FIG. 6. This concave roller 35 of the set is mounted on a vertically arranged shaft 40 which may be driven in any suitable way, and thus serves as the means whereby the web 21 is propelled through the forming mechanism shown in FIG. 1. The roller is formed of a plurality of sections, seven as illustratively shown in FIG. 2, being numbered 41 to 47 inclusive in said figure, section 44 being the central, largest section, and the others being arranged in groups of three to either side thereof. The large central section 44 is keyed to shaft 40 as indicated at 48 for driving therefrom, while the other sections of the concave roller are mounted eachifor independent and free rotation with respect to shaft 40 and with respect to each other, bushings 49 being interposed between the said roller sections and shaft 40.

The convex roller 36 of the main forming roller set 35, 36, also is preferably formedin sections, three in the illustrative embodiment shown in FIG. 2, being numbered 50, 51 and 52. The said roller sections are mounted for free independent relative rotation on shaft 53, and the exterior surface of said roller sections preferably comprise a relatively thick layer of rubber or other similarly resilient material.

As shown in the drawings and particularly in FIG. 6, each of the independent roller sections which make up concave roller 35 has an exterior surface formed with a plurality of knobs or round headed protuberances 55 in spaced relationship, and the'said knobs may be more numerous per unit of surface area on the central section 44 than on the outer, smaller roller sections, and the numbers of said knobs per unit area may likewise diminish for each roller section axially toward the ends of the roller, as for instance, with respect to the sections 45, 46 and 47.

As best seen in FIG. 2, the metallic web 21 is curved to its final, deeply corrugated form by passage between main forming rollers 35 and 36, and the knobs 55 impress a plurality of spaced concave dimples into the web, as clearly shown in FIG. 9. The dimples or embossments are each spaced one from the others to form relatively undeformed areas therebetween with such undeformed areas being interconnected and forming avenues of relatively undeformed material extending lengthwise of the strip or element. By discretely deforming the element, the areas of relatively undeformed material are generally uninterrupted and thereby provide unweakened avenues for carrying or transmitting the longitudinal lines of force, resulting in a structural element having a high degree of strength and rigidity. It will be seen that when the material of web 21 is gathered or shrunk in area to a greater extent along the central portion of the web or element than toward the edges due to the action of the knobs 55 and their relative number per unit area of the roller 35 a longitudinal curvature as shown in FIG. 1 results. This deformation of the web 21 and the action of rollers 35, 36, gives a longitudinal, arcuate formation to the web, as clearly illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 9. The roller 37 is used to insure or increase this longitudinal curvature as desired and necessary. The radius of said curvature may be changed at any time by increasing or decreasing the pressure with which the roller 36 is made to bear against the web 21 between itself and roller 35, by adjustment of shaft 53, or by adjustment of roller 37 to bear with greater or less pressure against the web 21, or by a combination of these adjustments. Building elements with varying radii of longitudinal curvature may thereby conveniently and economically be made when the desired shape of the completed building requires. By modifying the density of embossments to have a greater density near the edges and less density in the center, a reverse longitudinal curvature will be obtained.

In FIG. there are shown other patterns which may be impressed into the web rather than that described with rounded knobs 55. Thus, 54 indicates the pattern made with hexagonal knobs on roller 35, 56 the design made with oval-shaped protuberances, 57 a square design, and 58 a diamond design. It will readily be appreciated by those skilled in the art that rather than making the protuberances on roller 35, whatever their particular shape,

more numerous centrally of the roller and progressively less numerous toward the ends thereof, the protuberances could be higher in the center and shorter toward the edges, or of greater individual area toward the center and less toward the edges, in order to achieve the same result of gathering the metal more centrally of the corrugated web than toward the edges thereof. In any event the embossments are disposed to provide generally uninterrupted longitudinal stress transmitting avenues of relatively undeformed material distributed transversely of the web or element. While the embossments according to the arrangement described results in the longitudinal curvature of the web in one direction, if curvature in the opposite direction were desired, the web could be gathered more toward the edges thereof than centrally thereof, by choosing the number or shape of the protuberances to bring about that result.

In FIG. 7 an alternative construction for the main forming rollers is shown wherein the same convex, sectionalized, rubber covered roller 36 is used, but only the central section 44 of the concave roller 35 is needed. In place of the outer roller sections hereinbefore described, a pair of rollers 60 may be positioned as shown for free rotation on shafts 61 to cooperate with roller section 44 in forming the inclined edge portions of the web between that portion formed by section 44, and either plane edge 6 flange 28. The rollers 60 preferably will also be provided with protuberances, which are less numerous than those on the central section 44, and the said construction may be found desirable where less depth of corrugation is desired or thinner metal is being handled.

In the schematic drawing of FIG. 5, there is indicated the same mechanism as shown in FIG. 1, except that a sectionalized roller 101 is substituted for roller in the main forming rolier set, the said roller ltll is identical to roller 35 except that the exterior surfaces thereof are smooth, without protuberances of any kind thereon. This enables the formation of straight building elements that may be needed in connection with the elements pre viously described. However, it is preferable to utilize appropriately spaced embossments even on straight sections as described above as the embossments being in spaced relationship afford a high degree of strength and rigidity not attainable with other known constructions.

In many instances it may be desirable to put sharp bends into the building elements in accordance with the invention going into a building of particular shape, and the mechanism shown in FIGS. 13, 14 and 15 is adapted to this purpose. As there illustratively shown, a length of straight, longitudinally corrugated metal such as 62 shown in FIG. 8 is positioned, concave face downwardly, over a pair of relatively closely spaced supports or forms 65 and 66, which are secured centrally in a framework 67. The said vertically extending forms 65 and 66 are uniformly curved in the direction of the axis of the metallic element 62 placed thereon as best shown in FIG. 14, and the upwardly extending webs thereof are substantially as high as the depth of the corrugation in the element 62, at their central portions. The said webs of forms 65 and 66 slope or decrease in height evenly from their said central portions toward each edge, as show at 68 in FIG. 13, and then descend substantially vertically at either edge as indicated at 69, the said forms thus being shaped to fit generally the inner surface or contour of the element 62 placed over them.

The bending of the element 62 is accomplished by a movable form or blade 70 which is vertically movabiy mounted by screw 71 threadedly engaged in block 72. The said block 72 is supported against vertical movement on framework 67, and movable between guides 73 and 74, so that the position of form 70 may be adjusted in the distance between forms 65 and 66. The form 70 has a configuration along its lower edge adapted to conform to and engage the outer convex surface of the corrugated building element 62, as shown in FIGS. 13 and 15.

With the mechanism shown and described, the building element 62 is positioned over forms 65 and 66, the form 7t? adjusted as desired above and between the said forms, and form 70 is then forced downwardly by action of screw '71, imparting a sharp bend to the element 62 and causing it to assume the position shown in broken lines in FIG. 13. As shown in FIG. 16, the corrugated building element is sharply bent along a curved line 75, and excess material in the element is smoothly overlapped as indicated at '76 in FIG. 17. It has been found that a satisfactory sharp bend in an elment 62 may be made by the use of a single fixed form, as for instance form 65, and the cooperation of the vertically movable form 7%). It has also been found that after a bend has been well started in the element 62, the element may be completely removed from the bending mechanism, and the bend may be continued, or the angle between the two sides lessened, by exerting pressure in a direction which would tend to force the two sides into a parallel position. That is, after the bend has been started in the bending mechanism it may be removed from the mechanism, and the bend made sharper by moving the two ends of the element toward each other. The use of the cooperating curved forms 65 and 7t), and 66 when two fixed forms are used, has been found to be very desirable in forming building elements which will readily permit water to run off of the roof past the bent portion, which s the juncture between the roof and side wall portions of he structure. In making such building elements the :urvature of the forms is toward the direction which will is pointed toward the ground when the element is assemiled in the building. Thus, each element 62 which is bent n the mechanism of FIG. 13 is positioned in opposite lirections for the making of two bends where said two )ends form the juncture between a roof, and two side wall )ortions, and the downwardly curved overlap will not lam up water running off of the roof portion. Howaver, an effective and efficient bend may be made in the Juilding elements by using stragiht forms instead of curved is shown, and this is the preferred form in bending at the gable of a gabled roofed building.

Turning now to the erection ofthe desired form of building in accordance with the present invention, the web 21 which may be formed as previously described near the site where the building is to be erected, is cut into the required length asit comes from the forming machinery, in order to provide a building element integrally formed and adapted to extend from one side support or foundation to the other. It will be understood, of course, that the proper lengths of material may be cut from the roll before they are formed as has been described rather than afterward, but forming the metallic strip from roll 20 and then cutting into lengths will usually be the more efficient procedure. As shown in FIG. 19,; the finished building element is designated by the number 78, the drawing illustrating how a plurality of such elements are assembled in side-by-side, contiguous relationship upon parallel foundations 79 to form the building 80, shown also in FIG. 18. The building so formed is made of a plurality of elements 78 having the conformation previously described. In this instance each building element 78 has a uniform radius of curvature along its lengtlnas a result of retaining in a fixed position the adjustment of main forming rollers 35, 36, and roller 37 throughout production of the building elements.

The foundations 79 are shown as relatively short in height, but it will be understood that such supports could be much higher and form part or all of the side portions of the building, with the building elements of the invention extending from support to support and providing a self-sustaining roof portion for the structure.

The building elements 78 are lifted into position on foundations 79 by any suitable mechanism as for instance by a crane or gin pole, and are secured together by suitable means, preferably so that a non-leaking joint is formed between the adjacent arches. Illustrative means for so securing the elements are diagrammatically shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. In FIG. 11 the elements 78 are shown in their assembled side-by-side relationship with the plane flange portions 28 of adjacent arches in abutaneut, and a separate, longitudinally corrugated and V curved cap member 82 is positioned over the said flange portions, and means such as rivets or bolts 83 are passed through the two abutting flanges and the overlapping skirts of cap member 82. In FIG. 12 an alternative means is shown, wherein one flange portion 28a is turned a or crimped over the abutting flange 28b, and the joint may be reinforced and secured by bolts, rivets, or welding as may be desired. The severalarched building elements 7 8 may be secured in place on the foundation portions 79 in any suitable and efficient manner, as for instance by placing in a longitudinal trough provided in he foundation which is thereafter cemented around the ends of the elements, or by affixing to an angle rail or other anchor means at the top of the foundation which are themselves firmly secured to the foundation.

From the foregoing it will be appreciated that a building 80 can be, eificiently and economically fabricated in which each of the metallic elements is strongly formed so as .to be self-supporting, and each such element extends integrally from support to support at each side forming, in the illustrative embodiment under discussion,

both the roof and side wall structure. No other supporting means are required for this portion of the completed structure, although such other interior structure, and closing of the building at the ends, may be added as desired to fit the building for its intended purpose.

In FIG. 20 there is shown another building which may conveniently be fabricated in accordance with the invention, wherein relatively straight side wall portions are provided in each integral, corrugated and arched :building element, which merge into longitudinal curves .86 wherein the metallic web has been curved about .a relatively short radius, and thereafter there is provided a top portion 87 wherein longitudinal curvature of .the building element about a longer radius of curvature has been accomplished. The arched building elements for the said building may be made by suitable adjustment of the rollers 36 and 37 during the process of forming each individual arch. During formation of the side wall portion 85,-the roller 37 may be taken out of operation, and a relatively light pressure of roller 36'against its cooperating roller 35 will form the transverse concavity of'the web 21 and will reduce the degree of curvature along the longitudinal axis. The'pressure, of roller 36 may thereafter be increased, and roller37 brought into operationto form the tight arcuate portion 86, the pressures relaxed to form the top portion 87 in the element, and thereafter the operations are duplicated to form the other side of the element.

The building 89 shown in FIG. 21 illustrates another form of structure that may be made utilizing the new and improved embossed elements in accordance with the invention.

It will be apparent, of course, that the bending mechanism shown in FIG. 13 may be utilized with a 1ongitudinallycurved web as shown in FIG. 9 as Well as with a straight, corrugated web such as that shown in FIG. 8, so that many different building forms may be made with elements in accordance with the invention, using straight or longitudinally curved lengths of corrugated metallic web, and providing variations in longitudinal curvature or sharp bends along the length'of the elements as desired. Whether longitudinal curving or relatively sharp bends are imparted to the elements, it will be seen that longitudinally corrugated building elements have been provided which are likewise strongly longitudinally shaped, so that they may be assembled in side-by-side relationship on side supports or foundations, and they form a self-sustaining part. of the total building structure.

FIGS. 22 and 23 disclose a circular or silo type structure 96 which may be fabricated in accordance with the invention. As there shown, a foundation is provided, the upper surface of which has a spirally increasing elevation, and the forming machinery shown in FIG. 1 is utilized for the continuous and integral formation of the entire side wall portion of the building. The building will rotate on the foundation as it is fabricated until the desired height has been reached, and it may be completed by the installation of a suitable roof. 97, the upper edge 98 having first been leveled by cutting off a wedgeshaped portionof the web at the upper edge of the buildmg, as will be obvious. In making the spiral building of FIG. 22, the continuous, corrugated building element may be formed by the adjustment of roll 37, FIG. 1, so that its upper or top portion exerts greater pressure against the web 21 than its lower portion, and the adjustment of roll 36 so that its upper portion also exerts greater pressure against the intervening metallic web than its lower portion. Also, it may be desirable to provide a roll 35 whereon there are more, or larger in area, knobs 55 distributed toward the upper end of the roll than are shown, thus contributing to the spiral formation of the web.

The invention in its broader aspects is not limited to the specific elements shown and described,- but departures may be made therefrom, within the scope of the accom Q panying claims, without departing from the principles of the invention and without sacrificing its chief advantages.

What I claim is:

1. A building element comprising an elongated strip of sheet material curved about its longitudinal axis to form an elongated trough-like structure and having a plurality of discrete embossments distributed throughout the area of said strip, said embossments being spaced one from the others in selectively varying spaced relationship establishing a predetermined longitudinal curvature in said strip, each of said embossments being surrounded by relatively undeformed interconnected areas, said interconnected areas constituting gene-rally uninterrupted longi tudinal stress transmitting avenues of relatively undeformed material distributed transversely of said strip.

2. A building element according to claim 1 wherein said embossments are more closely spaced along the transverse central portion of said strip than along the edge portions, thereby establishing a longitudinal curvature in said strip in a direction generally opposite to that of the trough-like curvature.

3. A building element comprising an elongated strip of sheet material having a lateral concave configuration and a plurality of discrete embossments distributed throughout the area of said strip, said embossments being selectively varyingly sized establishing a predetermined longitudinal curvature in said strip, each of said embossments being surrounded by relatively undeformed interconnected areas, said interconnected areas constituting generally uninterrupted longitudinal stress transmitting avenues of relatively undeformed material distributed transversely of said strip.

4. A building element as claimed in claim 3 wherein said embossments in said strip are of a selectively varying depth establishing a predetermined longitudinal curvature in said strip.

5. A building element as claimed in claim 4 wherein said embossments are deeper along the transverse central portion of said strip than along the edge portions thereby establishing a longitudinal curvature in said strip in a direction generally oposite to that of the concave face.

6. A building element comprising an elongated strip of sheet material curved about its longitudinal axis to form an elongated trough-like structure, a plurality of discrete embossments distributed throughout the area of said strip in selectively varying relationship and depth establishing a predetermined longitudinal curyat re in said strip, each of said embossments being surrounded by relatively undeformed interconnected areas, said interconnected areas constituting generally uninterrupted longitudinal stress transmitting avenues of relatively undeformed material distributed transversely of said strip.

7. A building element comprising an elongated strip of sheet material having a lateral concave configuration, a plurality of discrete deformations distributed over a surface of said strip so as to form said strip with predetermined areas of greater and lesser deformity, said areas of greater deformity establishing a longitudinal curvature in said strip, each of said discrete deformations surrounded by relatively undeformed interconnected areas, said interconnected areas constituting generally uninterrupted longitudinal stress transmitting avenues of relatively undeformed material distributed transversely of said strip.

8. In a building having side supports, a combined side wall and roof structure, comprising, a plurality of integral transversely and longitudinally curved self-sustaining building elements assembled in side-by-side relationship, said building elements extending continuously from one side support to the other, each of said building elements having a plurality of discrete deformations distributed over a surface thereof so as to form said elements with predetermined areas of greater and lesser deformity, said areas of greater deformity establishing a longitudinal curvature in said elements, each of said discrete deforma- 10 tions surrounded by relatively undeformed interconnected areas, said interconnected areas constituting generally uninterrupted longitudinal stress transmitting avenues of relatively undeformed material distributed transversely of said strip.

9. A building according to claim 8 wherein said ele' ments are uniformly curved throughout their longitudinal extents.

10. A building according to claim 8 wherein said elements are curved about at least two different radii of curvature.

11. A building according to claim 8 wherein each element is provided with at least one relatively sharp transverse bend.

12. In a cylindrical building structure, a circular building foundation having an upper, building-receiving surface in the form of a single turn helix, and a side wall comprising successive spiral turns of a single continuous integral building element, said building element having a longitudinal trough-like configuration and a plurality of discrete deformations distributed over a surface thereof so as to form said element with predetermined areas of greater and lesser deformity, said areas of greater deformity being located at the bottom of said trough configuration establishing a longitudinal curvature in said element in a direction opposite to that of said trough-like curvature and with a radius of curvature corresponding to the radius of said foundation, each of said discrete deformations surrounded by relatively undeformed interconnected areas, said interconnected areas constituting generally uninterrupted longitudinal stress transmitting avenues of relatively undeformed material distributed transversely of said strip, adjacent turns of said element being secured together in edge-to-edge relationship.

13. In a cylindrical building structure, a side wall comprising successive spiral turns of a single continuous integral building element, said building element having a longitudinal trough-like configuration and a plurality of discrete deformations distributed over a surface thereof so as to form said element with predetermined areas of greater and lesser deformity, said areas of greater deformity being located on one side of said trough-like configuration establishing a longitudinal curvature in said element in a direction opposite to that of said trough-like curvature and imparting a helix form to said element, each of said discrete deformations surrounded by relatively undeformed interconnected areas, said intercom nected areas constituting generally uninterrupted longitudinal stress transmitting avenues of relatively undeformed material distributed transversely of said strip, adjacent turns of said element being secured together in edge-to-edge relationship.

14. A cylindrical building structure as claimed in claim 13 wherein said building structure has a circular foundation, the upper, building-receiving surface of which is in the form of a single turn helix adapted to receive and support the side Wall and wherein the radius of curvature of said side wall corresponds to the radius of said founda tion.

15. A building structure having at least one outer surface thereof formed from a plurality of integral transversely and longitudinally curved self-sustaining building elements assembled in side-by-side relationship, each of said building elements having a plurality of discrete deformations distributed over a surface thereof so as to form said elements with predetermined areas of greater and lesser deformity, said areas of greater deformity establishing a longitudinal curvature in said elements, each of said discrete deformations surrounded by relatively undeformed interconnected areas, said interconnected areas constituting generally uninterrupted longitudinal stress transmitting avenues of relatively undeformed material distributed transversely of said strip.

(References on following page) References (Iited by the Examiner V UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,751,672 6/56 Reed 189--3 2,812,730 11/57 Hermann 1892X Grossman ;g RICHARD W. COOKE, m, Primary Examiner.

Kmmer 9 5 BENJAMIN BENDETI, JACOB L. NACKENOFF,

Jackes 189-85 Exammers.

Blaski 50220 

1. A BUILDING ELEMENT COMPRISING AN ELONGATED STRIP OF SHEET MATERIAL CURVED ABOUT ITS LONGITUDINAL AXIS TO FORM AN ELONGATED TROUGH-LIKE STRUCTURE AND HAVING A PLURALITY OF DISCRETE EMBOSSMENTS DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT THE AREA OF SAID STIP, SAID EMBOSSMENTS BEING SPACED ONE FROM THE OTHERS IN SELECTIVLEY VARYING SPACED RELATIONSHIP ESTABLISHING A PREDETERMINED LONGITUDINAL CURVATURE IN SAID STIP, EACH OF SAID EMBOSSMENTS BEING SURROUNDED BY RELATIVELY UNDERFORMED INTERCONNECTED AREAS, SAID INTERCONNECTED AREAS CONSTITUTING GENERALLY UNINTERRUPTED LONGITUDINAL STRESS TRANSMITTING AVENUES OF RELATIVELY UNDEFORMED MATERIAL DISTRIBUTED TRANSVERSELY OF SAID STRIP. 